Strength and Weakness of the Three Types of Business Research

Question: Discuss About Strength And Weakness Of The Three Types Of Business Research? Answer: Introduction Most of the work of research can be divided into three kinds of categories which are descriptive, exploratory and casual. Each type of research serves a different motive and has a specific way of usage. In the online survey, mastery on every three can further adds proper and sounder insights in addition with great quality based data. The report will be taking a look into different forms of research method can be included in the overall strategies of the company for development and constant improvement as well as calculating the level of success in the company. The report will discuss in detail about the overview of three kind of business research with the help of academic journals. Literature scope and objectives There are number of reasons about why research is conducted in an organization. However, it is important to understand the motive of the research and why it generally bothers different kind of styles, tools, and measurements. The basic nature of the human being is to research or explore different fact about the world that exists in their surroundings. Human being wanted to learn everything about the earth and there is requirement to discuss and also be clear about the world even in small children (Cooper et al., 2003). The entire science and its development are based on understanding human being. Since a good human being simply cant explain the motive of human beings action and to discuss how and also why a human being must think, acts and feel accordingly. Exploratory The term exploratory research is a crucial part of kind of business strategy and the main aim is on the development and discovery of different kind of ideas and some information as opposed to collect some important and right data. Therefore, this explains the importance of exploratory research and why it is suited best right in the start of the research plan. It usually utilized for defining various issues of the company along with many potential areas for growth and development with an optional course of actions with giving priority to different areas that needs some kind of statistical research (Cooper et al., 2003). When it is about conducting the survey online, the most common instances of exploratory research is to talks about the form of many open ended queries. It is important to analyze different responses that can calculate in statistic manner but they will provide a wider and richer quality of data that can address many new kinds of initiatives or issues that become important to address (Cooper et al., 2003). Descriptive Descriptive research is a concept that takes up the large part of online survey and the research is more based on conclusion by basic nature because of its current quantitative nature. Despite exploratory research, this kind of research is planned in advance and this is why it is structured in way that designs or the data collected can be inferred in statistics form on the population (Collis and Hussey, 2013). The main concept is based on utilizing this specific type of research is to properly define and discuss the opinion, behavior or the basic attitude which is based on a group of people on the provided subject. It is crucial to base the research on routine question of multiple choices. There are some discussed in advance categories from where a respondent can choose easily from. It is than considered as a descriptive research. However, such questions will not be able to provide a distinct insight on the problems like in a way, exploratory research can (Low and MacMillan, 1988). Despite, grouping the feedback into pre-decided choices will give some statistics based inferable information. This further permits the organization to calculate the importance of the outcomes on the overall population on studying and at the same time it also changes the opinion of the respondents, attitude and behavior over a period of time (Collis and Hussey, 2013). Causal Casual research, like descriptive research is quantitative by nature and at the same time is also planned in advance and properly structured in design. For the same reason, it is also based on a more conclusive side of research (Collis and Hussey, 2013). The concept of causal research completely differs in its overall attempt to discuss and explain the main cause and its overall impact that exists between different variables. This is further opposed to the more observational kind of descriptive research, since the attempts is to properly decipher the relationship and decided whether it is causal in experimenting. Therefore, the concept of causal research has two set of goals which are to understand which element is the main cause and which variable can be treated as an impact (Baden-Fuller and Mangematin, 2013). Further it also decides the basic nature of the association that exists between different causal elements and the impact which can be predicted in future. For instance, an ow ner of a cereal brand many want to learn if he will be able to receive extra sales with the new box design. Despite conducting research which is descriptive by nature is based on asking people whether they would want to buy the cereal because of the new packaging and this way, they will set up an experiment in two different stores. One will help in selling the cereal in only the present and original box and the other will happen with the help of new box. It is very important to take a good care to avoid any external sources which is based on pure bias and they can then easily measure the basic difference that exists between sales which is based on the packing of the cereal (Baden-Fuller and Mangematin, 2013). Strengths Exploratory research The basic motive of this kind of research is to decide the basic nature of the issue. It is also further intended to evaluate the research based questions but the main intent is not to provide final solutions which are conclusive nature because of the present issues. Concept of exploratory research also provides researchers with a clear understanding of the issue; however the outcome of exploratory research can be typical by nature and not very useful for overall decision making (Hair, 2015). This kind of research can also provide some important insights into the present situation as the goal is based on gathering some preliminary data that will assist in defining the basic issues and also suggest the required hypotheses. The concept of exploratory research can be utilized in many ways of research methods which also includes many trial based studies along with interviews, case studies and other experiments (Baden-Fuller and Mangematin, 2013). The concept of exploratory research takes different form of open end queries and these queries is based on participants that can leave some concrete answers in the format of many open text based comments. These kinds of text comments may not be measurable statistically and unless it is properly coded however, it is important for it to get richer, based on quality data that can provide a lead that completely uncover the new kind of initiatives or problems that can be addressed on time (Zikmund et al., 2013). Descriptive research: The main aim of the descriptive research which is also called as statistical research is based on discussing the situation. For instance, to define things in a proper manner likes to discuss the market potential for the products or the basic demographics and the basic approach towards consumers who actually buy a specific product or service. An online survey is more descriptive by nature and many methods that manufacture the conclusive based data provided in quantitative capacity. This research is different by nature and planned in a more methodical manner as well as designed and formatted in similar manner to collect some important data (Hair, 2015). At the time of grouping these responses into some specific choices, it will help in providing statically data in a conclusive manner. This further permits to calculate the importance of the outcome on the whole population as well as also tracking these transformations of the opinions, behavior and attitude over a period of time. Casual research: This research is similar to descriptive research and also produces important quantitative data and is planned in a methodical manner, designed as well as formatted. It also provides statistical form of conclusive data. The main goal of the causal research is to evaluate different hypotheses based on cause and effect association (Hair, 2015). For example, the main goal of the research is to decide what elements can be a cause and is causing in a specific behavior, under such circumstances causal research is required. The concept of casual research can assist in understanding which elements can be the cause and which elements can be the effect and will also help in deciding the basic route of the association that exist between the elements and the impact to be forecasted. Weaknesses Exploratory research The major disadvantages of exploratory research are that it wont be able to properly replace any kind of conclusive as well as quantitative research. At the same time, organization constantly uses exploratory studies which are final as well as conclusive nature for number of research projects. This further may lead to many wrong bases of decisions and what is crucial is to keep in mind about this research methods is that it has certain restrictions or drawbacks. There are so many of supply qualitative data and the overall interpretation of all the finding is normally based on judgments (Bryman and Bell, 2015). For example, the outcome from projective kind of methods can sometimes be bizarre comes along with projective techniques along with in depth interviews that are normally utilized a while back by the professional specifically classified as motivational researchers. This results in some interesting but sometimes bizarre kind of hypotheses about the opinion in buyers head. Other issues with this concept are based on the ability to predict from multiple results. There are majority of methods that utilize many modest kinds of samples and that might be in representative form because they have not selected on probability basis. There are number of case studies for example, can be selected since it is represented as very good or very bad instances of case as opposed to any normal situation (Bryman and Bell, 2015). Descriptive research Following are disadvantages: - Confidentiality: the main disadvantage of the research is the issue of confidentiality. There are many cases which are not very truthful by nature and there is also a need to tell the researcher about what people think about the wants of researchers to understand. This can be very challenging during some important interviews. There are some participants that may also deny giving answers to different set of question as it can be too personal for them (Bryman and Bell, 2015). Error and objectivity: this research method also shows the overall possibility for different subjectivity as well as errors. For instance, when any researcher especially designs a questionnaire, many questions are predetermined and also very prescriptive by nature. In addition, the overall study may also consist of many errors as the researcher may be able to record what one may want to hear and also avoid data does not completely conform to hypothesis. In order to overcome a bias on research is a difficult process for descriptive research methods. People who choose to use this method should be aware of the impacts on the result of the research. Causal research Following are disadvantages of causal research: - The process of causal research is very expensive by nature since it set up in the test market and needs some important base for commitment for time and money. Evaluating the options in advertising campaign in the actual market can easily increase the stake. The research takes a lot of time to finish. This is specifically true when the researchers hope to calculate the long term impact on various marketing programs (Eriksson and Kovalainen, 2015). The concept of causal research is able to tip off the competition in the overall plan of marketers. When a company is established, a real kind of market tests so that competitors can read the outcomes. Competitors can also evaluate the outcomes to such tests. In specific case, competitors are able to make a copy of the company that conducts the tests and also get to the market. The concept of casual research is also very challenging to administer and it is sometime very difficult to control the effect of external elements (Eriksson and Kovalainen, 2015). There is also an issue of contamination where it is based on people from outside who are able to evaluate the market shopping within specific clean market which can also distort the results of the tests. The concept of clean market is very hard to understand or find. Gap identified Debate and analyze the findings presented in that article. The overall motives of the marketing research in an organization is find some important answers to many questions associated with different market dynamics, business surroundings and behavior of the consumers. For conducting the formal research it is important to design plan which is specifically created by the marketing manager. At the same time the marketing manager is also able to conduct specific kind of research with or without any specific plan. For instance, a owner of organization say hotel who usually query to repeat customer about their overall experience during their stay is actually conducting a type of research without any formal design of research (Zott et al., 2011). The important elements of research design are based on deciding what kind of marketing research is best for the main objectives. The concept of marketing research can further be classified into three important categories which mainly depend on the overall goal of the research. Conclusion The report has discussed in detail about three important and most relevant types of research in todays time. The future of any organization depends highly on surveys and research since it will help in understanding the viewpoint of the consumers which further will help in taking important decisions. This is why, it become crucial to discuss in depth about each type of research in order to make them work for the company. It doesnt matter, whether it is an internal or external research or it is based on end goals of the project to improve the overall image of the business. It also gives rise to sales of product and this is why kick start any kind of initiative at the right time. While finding the right kind of balance between the three types of research is any important factor for succeeding in long run (Saunders, 2011). References Cooper, D.R., Schindler, P.S. and Sun, J., 2003. Business research methods. https://sutlib2.sut.ac.th/sut_contents/H139963.pdf Collis, J. and Hussey, R., 2013.Business research: A practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students. Palgrave macmillan. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.368.5563rep=rep1type=pdf . Low, M.B. and MacMillan, I.C., 1988. Entrepreneurship: Past research and future challenges.Journal of management,14(2), pp.139-161. https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/26382980/low_macmillan_1988.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A Expires=1493893906Signature=hU8mlfEWcfU1ZF8WKF5IScg6NRM%3Dresponse-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DEntrepreneurship_Past_research_and_futur.pdf Baden-Fuller, C. and Mangematin, V., 2013. Business models: A challenging agenda.Strategic Organization,11(4), pp.418-427. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1476127013510112 Hair, J.F., 2015.Essentials of business research methods. ME Sharpe. Zikmund, W.G., Babin, B.J., Carr, J.C. and Griffin, M., 2013.Business research methods. Cengage Learning. Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015.Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Eriksson, P. and Kovalainen, A., 2015.Qualitative Methods in Business Research: A Practical Guide to Social Research. Sage. Zott, C., Amit, R. and Massa, L., 2011. The business model: recent developments and future research.Journal of management,37(4), pp.1019-1042. Saunders, M.N., 2011.Research methods for business students, 5/e. Pearson Education India.

Marriot International, Inc. Analysis

This is a research based assignment on the international expansion opportunities and practices of Marriot Hotels. Marriot International, Inc., which is based in the U.S., is a global operator of a broad collection of hotels and other hospitality facilities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marriot International, Inc. Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company has about 3,150 lodging and accommodation facilities located in USA and many others in foreign countries. With a wide variety of self-branded properties across the world and exclusive lodging brands, Marriot is arguably ranked among the top leaders of hospitality services in the world. Guests’ accommodation requirements are increasing abundantly with every new day, due to the changing environment brought by globalization, among other drivers. The increasing demands for exclusive lodging and accommodation facilities facilitated by globalizati ons have continued to call for much concern from the hospitality sector. This indeed is one of the many economical opportunities and benefits that have been brought by the trend of globalization to the vast hospitality industry. Along with the increasing lodging demands, the trend has also brought great impact to other driving forces in the hospitality industry, in a manner that touches almost every sector of the industry (Rusa, van Knippenberg Dan 13) These impacts have continued to affect positively, all operations in the sector, in a way that increases demand for hospitality products and services, thus forcing many companies in the industry to take their business across national boundaries. Among those companies that have been able to adopt to the many changes in the sector, and who have been optimistic enough to see opportunity in every bit of new developments, are the Marriot International, Inc., who have successfully opened hospitality chains in almost all parts of the world. One of the company’s major goal and objective is to carry on with its mission of providing exclusive programs and resources that do reflect the global communities. This indeed explains the company’s current global diversity and inclusion to almost every part of the world, especially in the developing countries.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As it would be observed, there are many challenges in the current hospitality industry, but Marriot’s optimistic approach would enable to them see opportunity in those challenges and utilize them fully, as one way of ensuring that they remain ahead in the competitive market place. The following graph indicates Marriot’s shares in the market, compared with other companies in the hospitality sector. Ever since the company’s foundation by Willard Marriot way back in the year 1927, it has been through ra pid developments over the time. Today, the company is proud of about 3,200 lodging properties globally, with a total of 435 hotel facilities outside USA. Despite the many challenges currently permeating the global hospitality industry, Marriot are yet to feel the heat, due to their enduring management philosophy and focused leadership abilities. Marriot International has successfully managed to carry its hospitality brands into many regions of the world. This trend continues even today, as the company directs its expansion plans to other developing regions, where they are yet to make an entrance (Ulrich 81). However, despite these international expansion efforts which reflects success and strength in the global market, Marriot Hotels have never been lucky to elude some of the many business challenges affecting the hospitality sector today. As it is observed, financial, economical and cultural challenges are some of the major global challenges which continue to affect the companyâ₠¬â„¢s expansion efforts.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marriot International, Inc. Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cultural Challenges The cultural differences presented by various cultural groups have been a major challenge to the company. Different countries have different cultural perceptions, and sometimes, these varied cultures may not offer a smooth welcome to many hospitality projects aligned to Marriot’s global diversity and inclusion plan. Some people in those diverse regions may tend to see the company’s policies, standards, brands, services, and offers as a threat to their own culture. For these reasons, these communities may not be ready to compromise their own way of life in favor of a foreign investor, just because they have a global reputation in the hospitality sector. For instance, the company’s recent non-smoking policy inside their lodging facilities, even thou gh ethical, may not work well in most places where smoking is fully accepted. However, as it would be observed from past studies, Marriot Hotels have always devised new strategies to address the issue of culture, which proves to be common in many foreign countries. One effective way of addressing cultural challenges and issues has been through the spirit of diversity, which ensures that the company’s huge workforce is drawn from various regions representing a diversity of culture. The company’s mixed-up workforce really reflects the rich diversity of the communities in the entire world, where the company has a touch. Economical Challenges No one in this world, not even the smartest financial analysts can foretell the predicament that awaits the global business sector in the near future. This is due to the ongoing implications of the past financial crises and turbulences. Many companies in the world have never been stable with their businesses, owing to the many challen ges posed by the uncertain patterns of the economy. Businesses all over the world are gradually regaining stamina in the market, as the global economy continues to stabilize from the impact of the recent financial crisis, but with a lot of challenges (Boyd 42). However, some companies in the global market such as Marriot International who have had a strong financial stability have never been serious victims of these financial turbulences and have sailed all through with their operations in the hospitality sector, even at the peak of the worst economical times ever. This however does not mean that Marriot International has never felt the pinch of current global economical challenges.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Whenever global economical turbulences do occur, they affect every sector of our economy, either directly or directly. In this case, one way by which Marriot continues to pay the cost of economical challenges is through its international expansion efforts. While it is not easy to establish new properties in some countries in the current economical situations, it has never been easy for the company to manage its property and facilities in some regions where the implications of the 2007 global crisis are yet to subside completely. In that case, the company has no other choice, but to apply useful management concepts which are certain to enable them survive the many challenges regularly presented by the uncertain economical patterns of the day. One of the most applicable concepts used by Marriot to deal with this challenge is the adjustment of prices to match the economical changes. The following chart shows the average price of a room per year for the company in different economical t imes. Financial Challenges Financial challenge remains a major obstacle in the expansion of the hospitality sector. Marriot International, even though a big player in the sector, has never been excluded from this challenge. Customers’ needs are becoming complex with every moment that passes, driven by the current information age (Palierse 17). In this regard, customers are armed with more information regarding exclusive services and products that they would expect in a company having a global recognition, such as Marriot. To respond to these demands, Marriot has regularly been forced to part with a lot of money to maintain its exclusive hospitality brands and property, as one way of retaining their reputation in the industry. However, trying to align the company’s vast operations with its global reputation has always been a costly intervention which has continued to freeze the company of a lot of money, in every financial year. This poses great challenges to the compa ny’s recent expansion efforts to other pending regions. It is also clear that the financial performance of the company’s properties is not the same in all regions. While the economies of some individual nations continue to play a larger role in the company’s financial success, things are not so pretty in other regions. This has the meaning that, Marriot has spent more money in the management of its properties in some regions, while the value of these investments is never promising sometimes. Another serious and common financial challenge facing the company in its expansion efforts is the issue of business environment in other parts. In some fast developing regions such as India, land is very expensive and this makes it hard for the company to establish new property there, owing to the serious management and operational challenges this is likely to pose to the business in the future. Works Cited Boyd, David. â€Å"Lessons from turnaround leaders.† Strategy Leadership 39. 3 (2011): 36-43. Print. Palierse, Christophe. â€Å"L’amà ©ricain Marriott veut implanter un hà ´tel Bulgari à   Paris.† Les  Echos 31. 12 (2011): 17. Print. Rusa, Diana., van Knippenberg, Dan., Wisse, Barbara. â€Å"Leader power and self- serving behavior: the moderating role of accountability.† Leadership Quarterly 23. 1 (2012): 13. Print. Ulrich, Dave. â€Å"Organizational capability: creating competitive advantage.† The Executive 5. 1 (2001): 77-92. Print. This essay on Marriot International, Inc. Analysis was written and submitted by user Yuliana O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Acid Rain Essays - Inorganic Solvents, Acid Rain, Sulfuric Acid

Acid Rain Essays - Inorganic Solvents, Acid Rain, Sulfuric Acid Acid Rain INTRODUCTION: Acid rain is a great problem in our world. It causes fish and plants to die in our waters. As well it causes harm to our own race as well, because we eat these fish, drink this water and eat these plants. It is a problem that we must all face together and try to get rid of. However acid rain on it's own is not the biggest problem. It cause many other problems such as aluminum poisoning. Acid Rain is deadly. WHAT IS ACID RAIN? Acid rain is all the rain, snow, mist etc that falls from the sky onto our planet that contains an unnatural acidic. It is not to be confused with uncontaminated rain that falls, for that rain is naturally slightly acidic. It is caused by today's industry. When products are manufactured many chemicals are used to create it. However because of the difficulty and cost of properly disposing of these products they are often emitted into the atmosphere with little or no treatment. The term was first considered to be important about 20 years ago when scientists in Sweden and Norway first believed that acidic rain may be causing great ecological damage to the planet. The problem was that by the time that the scientist found the problem it was already very large. Detecting an acid lake is often quite difficult. A lake does not become acid over night. It happens over a period of many years, some times decades. The changes are usually to gradual for them to be noticed early. At the beginning of the 20th century most rivers/lakes like the river Tovdal in Norway had not yet begun to die. However by 1926 local inspectors were noticing that many of the lakes were beginning to show signs of death. Fish were found dead along the banks of many rivers. As the winters ice began to melt off more and more hundreds upon hundreds more dead fish (trout in particular) were being found. It was at this time that scientist began to search for the reason. As the scientists continued to work they found many piles of dead fish, up to 5000 in one pile, further up the river. Divers were sent in to examine the bottom of the rivers. What they found were many more dead fish. Many live and dead specimens were taken back to labs across Norway. When the live specimens were examined they were found to have very little sodium in their blood. This is typical a typical symptom of acid poisoning. The acid had entered the gills of the fish and poisoned them so that they were unable to extract salt from the water to maintain their bodies sodium levels. Many scientist said that this acid poising was due to the fact that it was just after the winter and that all the snow and ice was running down into the streams and lakes. They believed that the snow had been exposed to many natural phenomena that gave the snow it's high acid content. Other scientists were not sure that this theory was correct because at the time that the snow was added to the lakes and streams the Ph levels would change from around 5.2 to 4.6. They believed that such a high jump could not be attributed to natural causes. They believed that it was due to air pollution. They were right. Since the beginning of the Industrial revolution in England pollution had been affecting all the trees,soil and rivers in Europe and North America. However until recently the loses of fish was contained to the southern parts of Europe. Because of the constant onslaught of acid rain lakes and rivers began to lose their ability to counter act their affects. Much of the alkaline elements; such as calcium and limestone; in the soil had been washed away. It is these lakes that we must be worried about for they will soon become extinct. A fact that may please fishermen is that in lakes/rivers they tend to catch older and larger fish. This may please them in the short run however they will soon have to change lakes for the fish supply will die quickly in these lakes. The problem is that acid causes difficulties the fish's reproductive system. Often fish born in acid lakes do not survive for they are born with birth defects such as twisted and deformed spinal columns. This is a sign that they are unable to extract enough calcium from the water to

Auditing Chapter 2

Chapter 2 The CPA Profession 2-1The four major services that CPAs provide are: 1. Audit and assurance services Assurance services are independent professional services that improve the quality of information for decision makers. Assurance services include attestation services, which are any services in which the CPA firm issues a report that expresses a conclusion about the reliability of an assertion that is the responsibility of another party. The four categories of attestation services are audits of historical financial statements, attestation on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, reviews of historical financial statements, and other attestation services. 2. Accounting and bookkeeping services Accounting services involve preparing the clients financial statements from the clients records. Bookkeeping services include the preparation of the clients journals and ledgers as well as financial statements. 3. Tax services Tax services include preparation of corporate, individual, and estate returns as well as tax planning assistance. . Management consulting services These services range from suggestions to improve the clients accounting system to computer installations. 2-2The major characteristics of CPA firms that permit them to fulfill their social function competently and independently are: 1. Organizational form A CPA firm exists as a separate entity to avoid an employer-employee relationship with its clients. The CPA firm employs a professional staff of sufficient size to prevent one client from constituting a significant portion of total income and thereby endangering the firms independence. 2. Conduct A CPA firm employs a professional staff of sufficient size to provide a broad range of expertise, continuing education, and promotion of a professional independent attitude and competence. 3. Peer review This practice evaluates the performance of CPA firms in an attempt to keep competence high. 2-3The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board provides oversight for auditors of public companies, including establishing auditing and quality control standards for public company audits, and performing inspections of the quality controls at audit firms performing those audits. -4The purpose of the Securities and Exchange Commission is to assist in providing investors with reliable information upon which to make investment decisions. Since most reasonably large CPA firms have clients that must file reports with the SEC each year (all companies filing registration statements under the securities acts of l933 and l934 must file audited financial statements and other reports with the S EC at least once each year), the profession is highly involved with the SEC requirements. The SEC has considerable influence in setting generally accepted accounting principles and disclosure requirements for financial statements because of its authority for specifying reporting requirements considered necessary for fair disclosure to investors. In addition, the SEC has power to establish rules for any CPA associated with audited financial statements submitted to the Commission. 2-5The AICPA is the organization that sets professional requirements for CPAs. The AICPA also conducts research and publishes materials on many different subjects related to accounting, auditing, management advisory services, and taxes. The organization also prepares and grades the CPA examinations, provides continuing education to its members, and develops specialty designations to help market and assure the quality of services in specialized practice areas. 2-6Statements on Standards for Attestation Engagements provide a framework for attest engagements, including detailed standards for specific types of attestation engagements. -7The PCAOB has responsibility for establishing auditing standards for public companies, while the Auditing Standards Board (ASB) of the AICPA establishes auditing standards for private companies. The ASB previously had responsibility for establishing auditing standards for both public and private companies. Existing auditing standards were adopted by the PCAOB as interim auditing standards for public company audits. 2-8Generally acce pted auditing standards are ten general guidelines to aid auditors in fulfilling their professional responsibilities. These guidelines include three general standards concerned with competence, independence, and due professional care; three standards of field work including planning and supervision, understanding the entity and its environment, including its internal control, and the gathering of sufficient appropriate evidence; and four standards of reporting, which require a statement as to presentation in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, inconsistency observed in the current period in relation to the preceding period, adequate disclosure, and the expression of an opinion as to the fairness of the presentation of the financial statements. Generally accepted accounting principles are specific rules for accounting for transactions occurring in a business enterprise. Examples may be any of the opinions of the FASB. 2-9Auditors can obtain adequate technical training and proficiency through formal education in auditing and accounting, adequate practical experience, and continuing professional education. Auditors can demonstrate their proficiency by becoming licensed to practice as CPAs, which requires successful completion of the Uniform CPA Examination. The specific requirements for licensure vary from state to state. 2-10For the most part, generally accepted auditing standards are general rather than specific. Many practitioners along with critics of the profession believe the standards should provide more clearly defined guidelines as an aid in determining the extent of evidence to be accumulated. This would eliminate some of the difficult audit decisions and provide a source of defense if the CPA is charged with conducting an inadequate audit. On the other hand, highly specific requirements could turn auditing into mechanical evidence gathering, void of professional judgment. From the point of view of both the profession and the users of auditing services, there is probably a greater harm from defining authoritative guidelines too specifically than too broadly. -11International Standards on Auditing (ISAs) are issued by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). ISAs are designed to improve the uniformity of auditing practices and related services throughout the world by issuing pronouncements on a variety of au dit and attest functions and promoting their acceptance worldwide. A CPA who conducts an audit in accordance with GAAS may not comply with ISAs because there may be additional ISA requirements that extend beyond GAAS requirements. 2-12Quality controls are the procedures used by a CPA firm that help it meet its professional responsibilities to clients. Quality controls are therefore established for the entire CPA firm as opposed to individual engagements. 2-13The element of quality control is personnel management. The purpose of the requirement is to help assure CPA firms that all new personnel are qualified to perform their work competently. A CPA firm must have competent employees conducting the audits if quality audits are to occur. 2-14A peer review is a review, by CPAs, of a CPA firms compliance with its quality control system. A mandatory peer review means that such a review is required periodically. AICPA member firms are required to have a peer review every three years. Registered firms with the PCAOB are subject to quality inspections. These are different than peer reviews because they are performed by independent inspection teams rather than another CPA firm. Peer reviews can be beneficial to the profession and to individual firms. By helping firms meet quality control standards, the profession gains if reviews result in practitioners doing higher quality audits. A firm having a peer review can also gain if it improves the firms practices and thereby enhances its reputation and effectiveness, and reduces the likelihood of lawsuits. Of course peer reviews are costly. There is always a trade-off between cost and benefits. 2-15Firms may belong to Center for Audit Quality and the Private Companies Practice Section (PCPS) Firm Practice Center. The mission of the Center for Audit Quality is to foster confidence in the audit process and to aid investors and the capital markets by advancing constructive suggestions for change rooted in the profession’s core values of integrity, objectivity, honesty and trust. The PCPS Firm Practice Center provides practice management resources for firms of all sizes. In addition to these resource centers, the AICPA also provides the Governmental Audit Quality Center and Employee Benefit Plan Audit Quality Center to provide resources for performing quality audits in these unique and complex audit areas. 2-16a. (1)b. (2)c. (3)d. (3) 2-17a. (2)b. (1)c. (2)d. (3) 2-18a. The comments summarize the beliefs of many practitioners about the Sarbanes–Oxley Act and the PCAOB. The arguments against the Act can be summarized as four arguments: 1. Costs of complying with the Act are excessively high, especially the requirement to report on internal control over financial reporting, and will discourage companies from becoming public companies. 2. Relative cost for local audit firms is excessively high. 3. Additional oversight is not needed because sufficient quality controls have already been implemented by most audit firms. 4. Three other things already provide assurance of adequate quality: a competitive economic environment, legal liability, and auditing standards. To support these comments, it can be argued that the profession has generally functioned well with relatively little controversy and criticism. The arguments against these comments are primarily as follows: 1. Reporting on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting will provide benefits in improved controls, resulting in higher quality financial reporting and reduced losses from fraud. 2. The increased confidence in financial reporting will increase access to capital and lower the cost of capital by reducing information risk. 2-18 (continued) 3. Changes in the scope of CPA practices and other threats to audit quality required government regulation. 4. Regulation of public company audits will not affect most audit firms that do not have public company audit clients. b. There is no correct answer to this question. Different people reach different conclusions, depending on the weights put on the various arguments. Time is needed to effectively assess both the costs and benefits of the Act. 2-19a. Engagement performance . Human resources c. Engagement performance d. Engagement performance e. Relevant ethical requirements f. Monitoring g. Acceptance and continuation of clien ts and engagements h. Human resources i. Human resources j. Leadership responsibilities 2-20a. Rossi and Montgomerys primary ethical consideration is their professional competence to perform all of the audit work for filing with the SEC. In addition, if Rossi and Montgomery have performed bookkeeping services or certain consulting services for Mobile Home, they will not be independent under PCAOB and SEC independence requirements. The firm must also be a registered firm with the PCAOB. b. The filing with the SEC, in addition to normal audited financial statements, will require completion and registration with the SEC of Form S-1 which includes an audited summary of operations for the last five fiscal years as well as many additional schedules and descriptions of the business. Each quarter subsequent to the filing, Form 10-Q must be filed; and within 90 days of the end of each fiscal year Form 10-K must be filed with the SEC. In addition, Form 8-K must be filed whenever significant events have occurred which are of interest to public investors. These forms must be filed in conformity with Regulation S-X, which requires considerable disclosures in addition to those normally required in audited financial statements. 2-21 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF GAAS |HOLMES ACTIONS RESULTING IN FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH GAAS | |GENERAL STANDARDS | | |The auditor must have adequate technical training and |It was inappropriate for Holmes to hire the two students to conduct | |proficiency to per form the audit. |the audit. The audit must be conducted by persons with proper | | |education and experience in the field of auditing. Although a junior | | |assistant has not completed his formal education, he may help in the | | |conduct of the audit as long as there is proper supervision and | | |review. |The auditor must maintain independence in mental attitude|To satisfy the second general standard, Holmes must be without bias | |in all matters relating to the audit. |with respect to the client under audit. Holmes has an obligation for | | |fairness to the owners, management, and creditors who may rely on the | | |report. Because of the financial interest in whether the bank loan is | | |granted to Ray, Holmes is independent in neither fact nor appearance | | |with respect to the assignment undertaken. |The auditor must exercise due professional care in the |This standard requires Holmes to perform the audit with due care, | |performance of the audit and the preparation of the |which imposes on Holmes and everyone in Holmes organization a | |report. |responsibility to observe the standards of field work and reporting. | | |Exercise of due care requires critical review at every level of | | |supervision of the work done and the judgments exercised by those | | |assisting in the audit. Holmes did not review the work or the | | |judgments of the assistants and clearly failed to adhere to this | | |standard. | 2-21 (continued) |BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF GAAS |HOLMES ACTIONS RESULTING IN FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH GAAS | |STANDARDS OF FIELD WORK | | |The auditor must adequately plan the work and must |This standard recognizes that early appointment of the auditor has | |properly supervise any assistants. advantages for the auditor and the client. Holmes accepted the | | |engagement without considering the availability of competent staff. In| | |addition, Holmes failed to supervise the assistants. The work | | |performed was not adequately planned. | |The auditor must obtain a sufficient understanding of the|Holmes did not obtain an understanding of the entity or its internal | |entity and its environment, including its internal |control, nor did the assistants obtain such an understanding. There | |control, to assess the risk of material misstatement of |appears to have been no audit at all. The work performed was more an | |the financial statements whether due to error or fraud, |accounting service than it was an auditing service. | |and to design the nature, timing, and extent of further | | |audit procedures. | | |The auditor must obtain sufficient appropriate audit |Holmes acquired no evidence that would support the financial | |evidence by performing audit procedures to afford a |statements. Holmes merely checked the mathematical accuracy of the | |reasonable basis for an opinion regarding the financial |records and summarized the accounts. Standard audit procedures and | |statements under audit. |techniques were not performed. | |STANDARDS OF REPORTING | | |The auditor must state in the auditor’s report whether |Holmes report made no reference to generally accepted accounting | |the financial statements are presented in accordance with|principles. Because Holmes did not conduct a proper audit, the report | |generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). should state that no opinion can be expressed as to the fair | | |presentation of the financial statements in accordance with generally | | |accepted accounting principles. | 2-21 (continued) |BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF GAAS |HOLMES ACTIONS RESULTING IN FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH GAAS | |The auditor must identify in the auditor’s report those |Holmes improper audit would not enable him to determine whether | |circ umstances in which such principles have not been |generally accepted accounting principles were consistently applied. |consistently observed in the current period in relation |Holmes report should make no reference to the consistent application | |to the preceding period. |of accounting principles. | |When the auditor determines that informative disclosures |Management is primarily responsible for adequate disclosures in the | |are not reasonably adequate, the auditor must so state in|financial statements, but when the statements do not contain adequate | |the auditor’s report. |disclosures the auditor should make such disclosures in the auditors | | |report. In this case both the statements and the auditors report lack| | |adequate disclosures. |The auditor must either express an opinion regarding the |Although the Holmes report contains an expression of opinion, such | |financial statements, taken as a whole, or state that an |opinion is not based on the results of a proper audit. Holmes should | |opinion cannot be expressed, in the auditor’s report. |disclaim an opinion because he failed to conduct an audit in | |When the auditor cannot express an overall opinion, the |accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. | |auditor should state the reasons therefor in the | | |auditor’s report. In all cases where an auditors name is| | |associated with financial statements, the auditor should | | |clearly indicate the character of the auditors work, if | | |any, and the degree of responsibility the auditor is | | |taking, in the auditor’s report. | | 2-22a. International auditing standards. b. PCAOB auditing standards. c. PCAOB auditing standards (reporting in the U. K. will be under international auditing standards). d. Generally accepted auditing standards. e. International auditing standards. f. PCAOB auditing standards (due to the publicly-traded debt). 2-1International Standards on Auditing (ISAs) are issued by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB (http://www. ifac. org/IAASB/). Visit the IAASB’s website to answer the following questions: 1. What is the primary objective of the IAASB? Answer: The objective of the IAASB is to serve the public interest by setting high-quality auditing and assurance standards and by facilitating the convergence of international and national standards, thereby enhancing the quality and uniformity of practice throughout the world and strengthening public confidence in the global auditing and assurance profession. International Standards on Auditing (ISA) are used by auditors in countries that have adopted ISAs as their auditing standards. 2. What is the IAASB’s due process that it follows when setting standards? Answer: The IAASB follows a due process in setting standards. The standards-setting Public Interest Activity Committees (PIAC) identify new projects based on review of international developments and consultation with the Public Interest Oversight Board. †¢ The project may be assigned to a task force, which considers whether to hold a public forum or roundtable. †¢ Dra ft pronouncements are exposed for a minimum of 90 days. †¢ The task force considers all comments and whether re-exposure is needed. †¢ The PIAC votes on the approval or withdrawal of the pronouncement. Affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the members, but not less than 12, is required to approve an exposure draft. Internet Problem 2-1 (continued) 3. The IAASB is committed to transparency. How does the IAASB make public information related to standards setting activities? Answer: The IAASB is committed to transparency. Where practicable, meetings are broadcast over the Internet or recorded. Meeting agendas and minutes are published on the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) website. All exposure drafts are subject to public exposure for a minimum of 90 days. (Note: Internet problems address current issues using Internet sources. Because Internet sites are subject to change, Internet problems and solutions may change. Current information on Internet problems is available at www. pearsonhighered. com/arens).

Morden dance final Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Morden dance final - Assignment Example Alvin and his mother, Elizabeth, shifted to Navasota, Texas when he was only six years old. As for his education, he attended a school for the whites, where he felt so much discriminated and undermined, as there was so much of racism. He attended a church for the blacks named as Black Baptism Church. Here, only people of a specific race were accommodated. This also happened in theatres and anything that surrounded the place. In their childhood therefore, Ailey and his generation mates grew feeling singled out from the society. Ailey and his mother moved from Navasota to Los Angeles in the year 1942 (Gitenstein 12-14). The ensuing part of his childhood seemed better as his mother got a better job with an aircraft factory and Ailey joined high school as a result. In high school, Ailey decided to join football players in the school’s gymnastics team. This was due to his great passion for athletics in those times. Though Ailey never believed in himself when it came to dancing skills, he always admired the dancers as he watched them perfect their dancing skills at school. He also loved the music that he used to hear at the local dancehalls. His favorite dancers were Gene Kelly, who were in the industry for over fifty years, from 1912 to 1996, and Fred Astaire, from 1899 to 1987 (Gitenstein 16-19). He made up his mind to take part in the dancing lessons that were going on at a neighbor’s home. Ailey’s strong passion for dancing was created after visiting a modern dance school, which was operated by Lester Horton. He was persuaded to make the visit by his good friend called Carmen. There he realized that the dance company was the first and only institution to acknowledge members from any race. To him, it was much pleasing to be in a place where racism is not an issue of concern. Ailey decided to train there as a dancer for a whole month. What inspired him even more was the performa nce of Ballet Carlo and

The Virtual Memory Manager Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Virtual Memory Manager - Assignment Example The virtual memory is created by the operating systems when the computer does not have enough memory when it comes to executing a program. As mentioned earlier, the hard disk and the Random access Memory are in charge of data storage. On the operating system, the applications which are executed the data is kept in the RAM, this is to ensure that the data is accessed quickly for processing. The RAM can be easily be accessed as compared to the hard disk and CD-ROM. The data in the RAM is only accessible when the computer is running (Andrews, 2007). In case of a power shut down or the computer is shut down, all the data in the RAM are lost, and the operating system is gaining loaded into again into the RAM. The physical memory is a non-volatile memory this means it has the capabilities of storing the data even if the computer is not powered. The hard dismiss made of spherical disks known as platters which store magnetic data. The data are written, and it is later read using the read and write heads. The virtual memory comes into place when the system units lack enough the RAM space to execute an application; the virtual memory is used to transfer data from the to the paging file that frees up space in Random Access Memory. A certain portion of the physical memory is used in the storage of files (Carr, 2008). ... This is because there is a resource sharing of the available memory this increases the efficiency of the machine over time. The application, which shares the virtual memory, does trade the protection of the different address spaces for efficiency of communication. This also reduces the consumption of the physical memory. The virtual memory allows the sharing of the files and the memory by the multiplication process, with several benefits the system libraries can also be shared by mapping into the virtual address space of more than one activity (Andrews, 2008). The activities can also share the virtual memory by mapping the same block of memory for more than an activity; the activity page can be shared during the folk time, which eliminates the need to copy all the pages of the initial activity. The virtual memory architecture deals with various advantages over that system that make the physical memory visible to programs. However, one of the main drawback is the increased number of t he increased number of the physical memory which are vital for each virtual address reference. If the two approaches are combined, the additional memory reads are needed. The operating system divides the physical memory into different partitions, the partitions can be of different sizes. Each partition can be given to a process as a virtual address space. The memory management unit of the central processing contains a relocation registers. Whenever the thread tries to access the memory location, the value of the transfer register is added to the virtual memory address which is referred to as dynamic binding. This process translates the memory address into the physical address

Symbolism of the Conch in Lord of the Flies by William Golding :: Lord of the Flies William Golding Conch Essays

Symbolism of the Conch in Lord of the Flies by William Golding In William Golding's Lord of the Flies the Conch represents power and order. Power is represented by the fact that you have to be holding it to speak, and Order is displayed by the meetings or gatherings that its used to call and hold. The Conch's power is presented in the very beginning on pg 22 as the children vote for Ralph to be chief just because he was the one with the Conch. ' "Him with the shell." "Ralph! Ralph!" "Let him be chief with the trumpet thing" ' this excerpt from pg 22 shows how everybody seems to think that power, responsibility and leadership skills comes from the Conch. Another Example of the Conch's Power is the fact that through out the book the conch is the only tool that can call a meeting and wherever the Conch is thats where the meeting is. No other symbol in Lord of the Flies holds so much power. This is one of the reasons that Jack Merridew disrespects the Conch. He wants to break the spell the symbol has on everybody. He wants to prove that he is the rightful leader. The Conch also displays order through the rule that you must have the Conch to Speak in an assembly or meeting. "And another thing. We can't have everybody talking at once. We'll have to have 'hands up' like at school." At first everyone thinks that this is the best method to maintain order but soon they find out how quickly the power of the conch is abused by Ralph and Jack. On pg 89 While Simon is trying to speak Ralph and Jack try to get him to sit down. " 'Sit down' 'Shut up' 'take the Conch!' 'Sod you' ' Shut up!' " This shows early on that the Order is starting to fall apart, fortunatly Ralph doesn't become a corrupt leader he keeps his head on straight which causes the others to get restless. They want to have fun but Ralph being the leader doesn't have a choice some things need to be done in order to stay civilized. Jack on the other hand decides to separate and build his own "Tribe" he uses catchy words like "We'll hunt and have fun" but in actuality Ralph's group which is declining is the safer and the more fun of the two. Here's an excerpt on pg 92 that shows that Ralph is losing control of Jack and the Conch is loosing its effect on the other